{"id":5463,"date":"2023-12-19T08:50:34","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T08:50:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/?p=5463"},"modified":"2023-12-19T08:50:36","modified_gmt":"2023-12-19T08:50:36","slug":"tarim-felsefeleri-ve-permakultur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2023\/12\/19\/tarim-felsefeleri-ve-permakultur\/","title":{"rendered":"Tar\u0131m Felsefeleri ve Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Filozoflar maa\u015fl\u0131 bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tar\u0131ma bile el atm\u0131\u015flar ve arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konular\u0131nda gevezelik \u00e7ok yapm\u0131\u015flar. Vakitleri bol tabii. Bakal\u0131m bu felsefeler neler.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Faydac\u0131 (Utilitarian) Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ahlaki olarak bir arazinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in en fazla fayday\u0131 verecek bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yani sonu\u00e7lar insanlar i\u00e7in ne kadar iyiyse, se\u00e7ti\u011fimiz yolda o kadar do\u011frudur, tabii ahlaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Bu araziye ekin ekmek mi en fazla insan\u0131 doyurur, yoksa park yapmak m\u0131 en fazla insan\u0131 mutlu eder, fabrika yap\u0131l\u0131rsa m\u0131 en fazla insana i\u015f sa\u011flar. Diyelim ki belediye ortak bir alan\u0131n, otla\u011f\u0131n, meran\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine karar verecek, en fazla r\u00fc\u015fveti verenin karar\u0131 uygulan\u0131yor… \u015faka, \u015faka fabrika yap\u0131yorlar istihdam sa\u011flayacak diye, zaten onlar da en fazla r\u00fc\u015fveti vermi\u015fti ama olsun \"????\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

End\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m da verilen kararlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu da faydac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m ile al\u0131n\u0131r. Daha do\u011frusu ekilecek ekinin o seneki getirisine g\u00f6re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc (Libertarian) Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bir ki\u015fi sahip oldu\u011fu arazinin kullan\u0131m\u0131nda mutlak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sahiptir ta ki di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyene kadar. Bu felsefenin yanl\u0131\u015f bir felsefe oldu\u011funu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyince anlam\u0131\u015flar. Ekolojik felaketler olmu\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu felsefe Faydac\u0131 Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Buna ra\u011fmen ABD\u2019de bu felsefe \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Araziye girilmez, gireni vururuz falan gibi levhalar\u0131 filimlerden hat\u0131rlars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

E\u015fitlik\u00e7i (Egalitarian) Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m gelirin e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n birbirine yard\u0131m etmemesine sebep oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in E\u015fitlik\u00e7i Yakla\u015f\u0131m ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda herkesin e\u015fit olarak g\u0131da ve arazi ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131 deniyor. Ama bu toprak ve g\u0131day\u0131 kim kar\u015f\u0131layacak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekolojik Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki temel felsefe ekolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015f. Bunlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

James Lovelock\u2019\u0131n Gaya Teorisi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015fayan bir organizma oldu\u011funu savunur ve \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n buna sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi beklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Derin Ekoloji felsefesinde ise toplumlar\u0131n ve onlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin yerel ekosistemdeki d\u00f6ng\u00fcler ve canl\u0131lar ile \u015fekillenmesi gerekti\u011fini savunur. Bir nevi Avatar filmindeki Naviler gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca Aldo Leopold\u2019un arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 felsefesi ekolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benimsenmi\u015ftir. Aldo der ki \u201cbir arazi i\u015flenirken oradaki t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar, bunlar\u0131n birlikteli\u011fi, devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ve g\u00fczelli\u011fi korunmal\u0131\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m yakla\u015f\u0131mlar en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcnden en iyisine do\u011fru s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Agricultural philosophy – Wikipedia<\/a> adresini kaynak olarak kulland\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi bakal\u0131m permak\u00fclt\u00fcr ne diyor. Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr bence bir bilim dal\u0131 ama felsefik y\u00f6n\u00fc de yok de\u011fil. Etik ve prensiplerini burada yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Arazi sahiplenme olay\u0131 mevcut y\u00f6netimin kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re zaten d\u00fczenleniyor. Bu konuda birey olarak yapabilece\u011fimiz tek \u015fey oyumuzu do\u011fru kullanmak, o kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arazi \u00fczerinde yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z uygulamalar da yerel kurallara g\u00f6re belirleniyor. Yani devlet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan konuya bakacak olursak bu tamamen Faydac\u0131 Yakla\u015f\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat, zaten \u00e7iftlik olarak kullan\u0131lan bir arazide permak\u00fclt\u00fcr uygulayamazs\u0131n diye bir kural yok. Yani ister ticari, end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m yapars\u0131n, ister permak\u00fclt\u00fcr bazl\u0131 ya\u015fam kurars\u0131n. Ya da permak\u00fclt\u00fcr esaslar\u0131nda ticari tar\u0131m yapars\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama ilerleyen y\u0131llarda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z k\u00f6y, mahalle stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir. O zaman da permak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc mahalle stat\u00fcs\u00fc ile \u015fekillendirebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Yani permak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7aydanl\u0131\u011fa koyarsan \u00e7aydanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015feklini, le\u011fene koyarsan le\u011fenin \u015feklini al\u0131r. Le\u011fen b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7aydanl\u0131k bulunur mu bilemem \"????\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n ve evcil bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hayvanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fal y\u00f6ntemlerle enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, desteklenmesi, geli\u015ftirilmesi ve b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in bize gerekli olan akademik bilgiyi verirken, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 yerlerinde ya\u015fayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca bu bilgiyi yerel \u015fartlara g\u00f6re nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlememiz gerekti\u011fi konusunda bizi ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yor. Uygulamaya ge\u00e7ildi\u011finde ise bir dizi soru cevap ile verdi\u011fimiz kararlar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu da ispatl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Foto\u011fraf \u015fu siteden<\/a> al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u0130lla bir felsefenin savunucusu mu olaca\u011f\u0131z, tarikat m\u0131 bu ba\u011flan\u0131p kalas\u0131n. \u0130nsan bu konuda biraz f\u0131r\u0131ldak olmal\u0131 ya da k\u0131vrak zekal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joel Salatin arazisini tefti\u015fe gelen m\u00fcfetti\u015fleri i\u00e7eri almaz, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc felsefeyi savunur. Adamlar geri d\u00f6ner. Ama i\u00e7eride permak\u00fclt\u00fcr ya da Ekolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m uygular. E\u015fitlik\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131mla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n her birine arazi vererek belli i\u015fleri yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fitlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu i\u015flerin hepsine kendi karar verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Faydac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m da diyebiliriz. Yani belli fesefelerin iyi taraflar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p ortaya bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k yapabiliyoruz. Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr de asl\u0131nda tam olarak budur. Zaman\u0131n gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re davranmak ve uygun olan\u0131 yapmak. De\u011fi\u015fen ekolojik ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re arazinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirmek gerekir. R\u00fczgara kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015femenin bir anlam\u0131 yok.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Joel Salatin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Permak\u00fclt\u00fcr bir bilim dal\u0131 dedik ya; insan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meli, ara\u015ft\u0131rma geli\u015ftirme yapmal\u0131, uygulamada ki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri not etmeli ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 iyi de\u011ferlendirmeli. Yeni bilgiye a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131, y\u00f6ntemi zaman\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi bilmeli. Bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n olay\u0131 bu. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fcz oldu\u011funa inanabilirsin ama zaman\u0131 gelince d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlak oldu\u011funa inanmak i\u00e7in gerekli verileri bir araya getirip evet yuvarlakm\u0131\u015f diyebilmeli insan. Ger\u00e7i d\u00fcnyan\u0131n da \u00e7ok umurunda de\u011fil senin ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ama olsun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Filozoflar maa\u015fl\u0131 bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tar\u0131ma bile el atm\u0131\u015flar ve arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konular\u0131nda gevezelik \u00e7ok yapm\u0131\u015flar. Vakitleri bol tabii. Bakal\u0131m bu felsefeler neler. Faydac\u0131 (Utilitarian) Yakla\u015f\u0131m Ahlaki olarak bir arazinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in en fazla fayday\u0131 verecek bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Yani sonu\u00e7lar insanlar i\u00e7in ne kadar iyiyse, se\u00e7ti\u011fimiz yolda o kadar do\u011frudur, tabii ahlaki […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5477,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[212,214],"tags":[643,644,639,642,552,640,641],"class_list":["post-5463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-permakultur","category-turkce","tag-egalitarian","tag-ekolojik","tag-felsefe","tag-libertarian","tag-permakultur","tag-tarim-felsefesi","tag-utilitarian","post-with-thumbnail","post-with-thumbnail-icon"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/FELS2.png?fit=720%2C380&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p90nFK-1q7","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5463"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5463\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5476,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5463\/revisions\/5476"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}