{"id":2860,"date":"2017-08-17T22:36:45","date_gmt":"2017-08-17T22:36:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/?p=2860"},"modified":"2017-09-05T04:33:59","modified_gmt":"2017-09-05T04:33:59","slug":"pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2017\/08\/17\/pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma\/","title":{"rendered":"Pe\u00e7enkoru ve Onar\u0131c\u0131 Otlatma"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>G\u0131da yeti\u015ftirmek ve do\u011fan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek iki farkl\u0131 olgu gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de <strong>permak\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/strong> ile bu iki olguyu birle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. G\u0131da Orman\u0131 konusundan daha \u00f6nce bahsetmi\u015ftim.\u00a0Bir de\u00a0g\u0131da orman\u0131na hayvanlar\u0131n entegre edilmesi var ki ismine\u00a0<strong>PE\u00c7ENKORU<\/strong> diyorum. \u00dcst\u00fcne <strong>Onar\u0131c\u0131 Otlatma<\/strong> teknikleri uygulayarak\u00a0otla\u011f\u0131n ve ekosistemin d\u00fczelmesini sa\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n<h2 id='pe\u00e7enkoru-nedir'  id=\"boomdevs_1\">Pe\u00e7enkoru Nedir?<\/h2>\n<p>\u0130ngilizce <strong>silvopasture<\/strong> kelimesini belki duymu\u015fsunuzdur. Bu sistemde insan eli ile kurulmu\u015f bir g\u0131da orman\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgelerde de hayvanlar otlat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6r\u00fctba\u011f\u0131nda sormama ra\u011fmen permak\u00fclt\u00fcrc\u00fc arkada\u015flardan silvopasture terimi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendim. \u0130\u015f gene ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>Biraz ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk\u00e7e kaynaklarda \u201c<strong>pe\u00e7en<\/strong>\u201d kelimesini buldum. Fonetik olarak \u201cpasture\u201d kelimesine nas\u0131l da benziyor!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pe\u00e7en<\/strong> G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de <strong>\u00e7ay\u0131r<\/strong>, <strong>\u00e7imen<\/strong>, <strong>\u00e7ay\u0131rl\u0131k<\/strong>, <strong>otlak<\/strong> anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Koru<\/strong> ise bildi\u011finiz gibi ormandan daha ufak, korunma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k yerlere verilen add\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u201c<strong>Pe\u00e7enkoru<\/strong>\u201d insan eli ile kurulmu\u015f bir g\u0131da orman\u0131 ve bunun aras\u0131nda kalan otlaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\u00a0anlatmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun.<\/p>\n<p>Bundan sonra Silvopasture de\u011fil Pe\u00e7enkoru kelimesini kullan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n<h2 id='getiri'  id=\"boomdevs_2\">Getiri<\/h2>\n<p>Yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u015fler sizin i\u00e7in bir <strong>getiridir<\/strong>. \u00d6rne\u011fin yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilik, kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z g\u00fcbre ve ila\u00e7, m\u00fccadele etmedi\u011finiz yabani otlar, dikmedi\u011finiz tohum,\u00a0 yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z sulama gibi. \u00d6te yandan yapmayarak kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u015feyler de var. \u00d6rne\u011fin topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretkenli\u011finin artmas\u0131, olu\u015fan habitat, havadaki karbonun topra\u011fa hapsedilmesi, g\u00fczelliklerin tad\u0131na var\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n<p>Bir ekosistemi <strong>y\u00f6netmek<\/strong>\u00a0ile bak\u0131m yapmak aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok fark vard\u0131r. Y\u00f6netmek, sistem kendi kendine bakar halde kurulursa \u00e7ok fazla i\u015f gerektirmez. Bak\u0131m yapmak ise s\u00fcrekli insan deste\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duyan bir sistemi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Bizim amac\u0131m\u0131z <strong>\u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k yenebilir bitkileri<\/strong> kullanarak bir sistem olu\u015fturmak ve kendi kendini y\u00f6netmesini ve bak\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duymamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak. Hatta \u00fcretti\u011fi fazlal\u0131kla belki bir ka\u00e7 hayvana da bakabilmesini\u00a0sa\u011fl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n<h2 id='a\u011fa\u00e7-yo\u011funlu\u011fu'  id=\"boomdevs_3\">A\u011fa\u00e7 Yo\u011funlu\u011fu<\/h2>\n<p>A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n y\u00fcksek dallar\u0131, tahmin edersiniz ki alt seviyelere g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gelmesini engeller. Bir ormanda neredeyse %1 civar\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 tabana ula\u015f\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z verim ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in a\u011fa\u00e7 yo\u011funlu\u011funu ayarlayarak alt seviyelerin %40 ile %60 oran\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>A\u011fa\u00e7 fidelerini ektikten sonra alt seviyeler %90\u2019a varan seviyelerde g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcr. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131 ile bu oran d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flar. \u00d6yleyse mant\u0131k olarak g\u0131da orman\u0131 ilk kuruldu\u011funda \u00e7ok g\u00fcne\u015fe ihtiya\u00e7 duyan sebzeler ve ilerleyen y\u0131llarda da g\u00fcne\u015fe daha az ihtiya\u00e7 duyan sebzeler veya yemi\u015fler ekilmelidir. Teknik olarak a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 (hafif e\u011fimli arazide) kod fark\u0131na paralel kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya\u011fmur hendeklerinin arkas\u0131na dikilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu varsayarsak zaten bizim plan\u0131m\u0131zda <strong>arada kalan koridorlar<\/strong> olduk\u00e7a g\u00fcne\u015f alacakt\u0131r. Bu koridorlarda da istenen sebze yeti\u015ftirilebilir veya hayvanlar i\u00e7in \u00e7imen, yonca, yulaf ve benzeri dikimler yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer d\u00fcz bir arazide g\u0131da orman\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve aralar\u0131ndaki mesafeyi iyi ayarlay\u0131n ki alt seviye bitkilerine yeteri kadar g\u00fcne\u015f gelebilsin.<\/p>\n<p>G\u0131da orman\u0131nda farkl\u0131 seviyelerde yeti\u015fecek bitkileri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131n bir amac\u0131 da <strong>hava dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> kesintiye u\u011fratmamakt\u0131r. Ormanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131k tepe tac\u0131 alt\u0131nda belli r\u00fczgar yollar\u0131 olu\u015fur ve hava homojen olarak dola\u015fmaz. Ama bizim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z farkl\u0131 y\u00fcksekliklerdeki tepe ta\u00e7lar\u0131, g\u0131da orman\u0131nda havan\u0131n daha homojenize dola\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur. E\u011fer r\u00fczgar bariyeri olarak da tasarlan\u0131yorsa, bir ormandan daha iyi i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2862\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2862\" data-attachment-id=\"2862\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2017\/08\/17\/pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma\/forest_garden_tcp\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg?fit=900%2C746&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,746\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;WorkForce 635\/633\/630&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Forest_Garden_TCP\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Resim TC Permaculture sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg?fit=720%2C597&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2862\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg?resize=720%2C597\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg?resize=300%2C249&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Forest_Garden_TCP.jpg?resize=768%2C637&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2862\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resim TC Permaculture sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e&#8217;ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Topra\u011f\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek olarak <strong>karakafes otu<\/strong> (Symphytum x uplandicum), <strong>karahindiba<\/strong> (Taraxacum officinale), <strong>Kuzu kula\u011f\u0131<\/strong> (Rumex acetosa), ve <strong>Papatya<\/strong> (Chamaemelum nobile) kullan\u0131labilecek en iyi bitkilerdendir. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n tepe tac\u0131n\u0131n izd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne ekilebilir. A\u011fac\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131na ekilirlerse a\u011faca gidecek besini \u00e7ekebilirler.<\/p>\n<h2 id='olgunla\u015fma-mevsimleri'  id=\"boomdevs_4\">Olgunla\u015fma Mevsimleri<\/h2>\n<p>Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli konu a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n meyvelerinin olgunla\u015fma zamanlar\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit elman\u0131n olgunla\u015fma zamanlar\u0131 da farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Ye\u015fil ek\u015fi elmalar a\u011fa\u00e7ta bir kere don g\u00f6rmesi gerekirken, tatl\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 elmalar daha erken olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrtlen t\u00fcrleri erken meyve verirken, siyah b\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrtlen ge\u00e7 verir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u0131da orman\u0131n\u0131za dikmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz a\u011fa\u00e7 ve yemi\u015f \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n meyve olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6nemlerini de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak karar verin. B\u00f6ylece yaz\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar yiyecek meyveniz olur.<\/p>\n<h2 id='hayvanlar\u0131n-entegre-edilmesi'  id=\"boomdevs_5\">Hayvanlar\u0131n Entegre Edilmesi<\/h2>\n<p>Fide olarak dikti\u011finiz a\u011fa\u00e7lar ke\u00e7i, inek, koyun gibi otlay\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlar taraf\u0131ndan telef edilebilir. Bu y\u00fczden en az 5-6 y\u0131l g\u0131da orman\u0131na hayvan sokulmamal\u0131. Tavuk olabilir ama \u00f6rdek olmaz. Be\u00e7 tavu\u011fu ise 2 y\u0131ldan sonra yani k\u00f6kler geli\u015ftikten sonra sokulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2863\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2863\" data-attachment-id=\"2863\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2017\/08\/17\/pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma\/bec\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg?fit=600%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bec\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Be\u00e7 tavu\u011fu (resim motherearthnews.com sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg?fit=600%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2863\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg?resize=600%2C400\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/bec.jpg?resize=272%2C182&amp;ssl=1 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2863\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Be\u00e7 tavu\u011fu (resim motherearthnews.com sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Portatif elektrikli \u00e7it burada en b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mc\u0131m\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. Se\u00e7ti\u011finiz hayvan\u0131n burun hizas\u0131nda elektrikli tel olacak bi\u00e7imde kurulur. A\u011fa\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgeler hayvan miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 8 ile 10 adet h\u00fccreye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Hayvanlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu h\u00fccre portatif elektrikli \u00e7it ile \u00e7evrilir ve ot bitmesine yak\u0131n hayvanlar bir sonraki h\u00fccreye al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2866\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2866\" data-attachment-id=\"2866\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2017\/08\/17\/pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma\/silvo1\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?fit=2048%2C1536&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1536\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;DSC-W110&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1311084812&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;9.09&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;125&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"silvo1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Arkada g\u00f6r\u00fcnen tel inekleri durdurmaya yetiyor&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?fit=720%2C540&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2866\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1-1024x768.jpg?resize=720%2C540\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo1.jpg?w=1440&amp;ssl=1 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2866\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arkada g\u00f6r\u00fcnen tel inekleri durdurmaya yetiyor<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2867\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2867\" data-attachment-id=\"2867\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2017\/08\/17\/pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma\/silvo2\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?fit=1600%2C1200&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"silvo2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Resim badgersetticelandics.blogspot.com sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?fit=720%2C540&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2867\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2-1024x768.jpg?resize=720%2C540\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?w=1440&amp;ssl=1 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2867\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resim badgersetticelandics.blogspot.com sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id='onar\u0131c\u0131-otlatma'  id=\"boomdevs_6\">Onar\u0131c\u0131 Otlatma<\/h2>\n<p>Onar\u0131c\u0131 otlatma flora \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine, besinlerin d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne, toprak mikro-organizmalar\u0131na ve topra\u011f\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geri kazanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. \u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131n \u00fcretkenli\u011fi artar, kurakl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li olur ve erozyondan zarar g\u00f6rmez.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011faya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda otlayan hayvanlar\u0131n genelde s\u00fcr\u00fc halinde dola\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131k s\u0131k yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdiklerini ve belli d\u00f6ng\u00fcler ile g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Onar\u0131c\u0131 otlatma da aynen bu do\u011fal olay\u0131 taklit ediyor.<\/p>\n<p>Onar\u0131c\u0131 otlatman\u0131n <strong>ilk kural\u0131<\/strong> hayvan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131. Say\u0131 y\u00fcksek olunca yenmeyen otlar da bas\u0131larak mal\u00e7 oluyor. Ayr\u0131ca say\u0131 y\u00fcksek olunca g\u00fcbreleme de \u00e7ok oluyor. B\u00f6ylece hem mal\u00e7 hem de g\u00fcbre ile biyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan aktif bir otlak haline geliyor. Toprak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015furken tohumlarda b\u00fcy\u00fcmek i\u00e7in daha iyi bir ortama kavu\u015fmu\u015f oluyorlar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130kinci kural\u0131<\/strong> bir alanda \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre kalmamak. Ya g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6ng\u00fclerle ya da otunuzun durumuna g\u00f6re bir sonraki h\u00fccreye ge\u00e7me karar\u0131n\u0131 verebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kural<\/strong> h\u00fccrelere en az 90 g\u00fcn otlama yapmadan s\u00fcre tan\u0131mak. Zamanla 8 ya da 10 kez \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7ilen h\u00fccrenin art\u0131k dinlenme zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir. Bas\u0131lan otlarla organik madde oran\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcbreleme ile b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye haz\u0131r hale gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn ot dibine kadar yenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcbreler de a\u00e7\u0131kta de\u011fil otlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hayvanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na da dikkat etmek gerekiyor. E\u011fer s\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7inde asiler varsa, elektrikli telleri delip yan tarafa ka\u00e7\u0131yorlarsa, bunlar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kartmak gerekir. \u00d6zellikle koyun ve ke\u00e7i sosyal hayvan olduklar\u0131 ve birbirlerinden h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00f6\u011frendikleri i\u00e7in iyi olmayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir di\u011fer nokta arazinizde kumluk mini tepeler, kuru dere yataklar\u0131n\u0131n kenarlar\u0131, e\u011fimi fazla olan yerler varsa \u00fczerindeki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yok olmamas\u0131na dikkat etmek gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc bu k\u0131s\u0131mlarda erozyonu \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca tav\u015fan gibi otlayan yaban hayat\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 fazlaysa sisteme ek bir y\u00fck getirir. \u00c7evredeki yaban hayat\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131na da dikkat edin.<\/p>\n<h2 id='hayvan-yemi'  id=\"boomdevs_7\">Hayvan Yemi<\/h2>\n<p>G\u0131da orman\u0131 sisteminize entegre etmek istedi\u011finiz hayvanlara karar verirken bunlar\u0131n ne yediklerine de dikkat etmeniz gerek. \u00d6zellikle bu hayvanlar\u0131n ho\u015funa giden bitkilerin tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 s\u0131ralar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki koridorlara serpmeniz gerekiyor. \u0130htiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olan mineralleri de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Amac\u0131m\u0131z d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan yem almadan bu i\u015fi yapmak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n<p>Bulundu\u011funuz b\u00f6lgede do\u011fal yeti\u015fen bitki t\u00fcrlerini de analiz ederek destekleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h2 id='azota-hassas-b\u00f6lgeler'  id=\"boomdevs_8\">Azota Hassas B\u00f6lgeler<\/h2>\n<p>Su havzalar\u0131n\u0131n direk akarsu kenarlar\u0131nda kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlar azota hassas b\u00f6lge olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu b\u00f6lgelerde yap\u0131lacak yo\u011fun hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k akarsulara azot y\u00fckleyecek ve algi kirlili\u011fi olarak geri d\u00f6necektir. Bu da akarsu i\u00e7inde ki hayat ve sulak alan habitatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hayvan i\u00e7in \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc olacakt\u0131r. Sisteme y\u00fckledi\u011finiz azotu zaman zaman akarsudan alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00f6rneklerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2861\" style=\"width: 442px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2861\" data-attachment-id=\"2861\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/2017\/08\/17\/pecenkoru-ve-onarici-otlatma\/api\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg?fit=432%2C432&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"432,432\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"API\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Basit bir nitrit, nitrat ve amonya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kiti&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg?fit=432%2C432&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2861\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg?resize=432%2C432\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg?w=432&amp;ssl=1 432w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/API.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basit bir nitrit, nitrat ve amonya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kiti<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Biz olaya <strong>b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl<\/strong> yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in t\u00fcm bu zarar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sonucu nitrit ve nitrat de\u011ferleri y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorsa ya hayvan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcreceksiniz ya da akarsu \u00fczerindeki di\u011fer \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerle toplant\u0131 yap\u0131p kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcbre ve hayvan say\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya gideceksiniz.<\/p>\n<h2 id='i\u0307lk-be\u015f-y\u0131l'  id=\"boomdevs_9\">\u0130lk be\u015f y\u0131l<\/h2>\n<p>Bozulmaya ba\u015flayan otla\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeltmenin ilk a\u015famas\u0131, sistemi bozan unsurlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r. E\u011fer yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde hayvanlara a\u00e7\u0131k bir yerse, bir \u00e7it ile \u00e7evirerek i\u015fe ba\u015flayabilirsiniz. Tabii amac\u0131m\u0131z tav\u015fan ve k\u00f6stebeklere g\u00fcvenli \u00fcreme alan\u0131 a\u00e7mak de\u011fil. \u00c7evrede ne t\u00fcr yabani hayat var ve bunlar otla\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l kullan\u0131yorlar dikkat etmekte fayda var.<\/p>\n<p>Otla\u011f\u0131 bozan unsuru ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ekosistemde stabil hale gelecektir. \u00c7ok fazla bozulmad\u0131ysa d\u00fczelmeye bile ba\u015flayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Stabilizasyon do\u011fal olarak devam ederken onar\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz ve plan\u0131m\u0131za eklememiz \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015f bu otlak bozulmadan \u00f6nce arazi, habitat ve flora nas\u0131ld\u0131 bulmam\u0131z gerekiyor. \u00c7evrede el de\u011fmemi\u015f yerler varsa analiz ederek \u00f6zelliklerini bulun. Orada do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fl\u0131lara sorun. Arazinin eski hali hakk\u0131nda ne kadar veri toplarsan\u0131z o kadar iyi.<\/p>\n<p>Arazide hidrolojik bozukluk s\u00f6z konusuysa bunlar\u0131 da d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in giri\u015fimde bulunman\u0131z gerekir. Erozyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f dere yata\u011f\u0131, eskiden akan ama \u015fimdi kurumu\u015f p\u0131narlar, zamanla eriyen tepeler, batakl\u0131k tarz\u0131 s\u00fcrekli sulak olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 hidrolojik bozukluklara \u00f6rnek olarak verebiliriz. Bunlar\u0131n tesbiti ve iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ileride sizin \u00e7ok i\u015finize yarayacak.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle b\u00f6r\u00fclce gibi havadaki azotu topra\u011fa amonya olarak hapsedecek bir tohum at\u0131n. B\u00f6ylece topra\u011f\u0131n nitrojen dengesi oturacakt\u0131r. Ek olarak biyolojik aktiviteyi h\u0131zland\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in inek g\u00fcbresi de serpebilirsiniz. E\u011fer \u00e7\u0131plak bir arazi ise saman mal\u00e7 kullanarak kapat\u0131n. B\u00f6r\u00fclceler b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 40 santim civar\u0131ndayken t\u0131rpanla kesilir ve mal\u00e7 olarak yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eimdi yonca, arpa, ot tohumlar\u0131ndan serpebilir ve bunlar\u0131n d\u00f6ng\u00fclerini tamamlayarak tohum olarak d\u00f6k\u00fclmelerini sa\u011flay\u0131n. B\u00f6ylece toprakta bir tohum bankas\u0131 olu\u015facakt\u0131r. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda bunlar \u00e7imlenecek ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam edecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu arada a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in gerekli g\u00fcbreleme ve sulama i\u015flerini de yap\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n<p>Be\u015f y\u0131l sonunda a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z iyice b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp koyun veya ineklerden zarar g\u00f6rmeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, hayvanlar\u0131 da salabiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki okuma ve seyretme listesine de bak\u0131n\u0131z sevgili okuyucu.<\/p>\n<h3 id='okuma-listesi'  id=\"boomdevs_10\">Okuma listesi<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/yesilgazete.org\/blog\/2014\/09\/29\/allan-savory-iklim-degisikligine-yol-acan-sera-gazlarini-topragi-onarici-bir-surecle-gomebiliriz-ve-collesmeyi-tersine-cevirebiliriz\/\">Durukan Dudu ve \u00dcmit \u015eahin&#8217;in Alan Savory s\u00f6yle\u015fisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/anadolumera.com\/\">Anadolu Mera<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/permacultureturkey.org\/butuncul-yonetim-otoburlar-ve-umut\/\">Murat Akhuy &#8211; B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl Y\u00f6netim<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/allan_savory_how_to_green_the_world_s_deserts_and_reverse_climate_change?language=tr\">Alan Savory&#8217;nin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e alt yaz\u0131l\u0131 TED konu\u015fmas\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/tr.boell.org\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/butunlukcu_mera_yonetimi_durukan_dudu.pdf\">Durukan Dudu &#8211; B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl Mera Y\u00f6netimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.roebuckfarm.com\/restoration-grazing.html\">Jodi Roebuck&#8217;\u0131n \u015fu sayfadaki videolar\u0131n\u0131 da seyredin<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.csu.edu.au\/faculty\/science\/herbarium\/riverina\/chapters\/chapter8.pdf\">\u0130ngilizce &#8211; Otlak rehabilitasyonu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u0131da yeti\u015ftirmek ve do\u011fan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek iki farkl\u0131 olgu gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de permak\u00fclt\u00fcr ile bu iki olguyu birle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. G\u0131da Orman\u0131 konusundan daha \u00f6nce bahsetmi\u015ftim.\u00a0Bir de\u00a0g\u0131da orman\u0131na hayvanlar\u0131n entegre edilmesi var ki ismine\u00a0PE\u00c7ENKORU diyorum. \u00dcst\u00fcne Onar\u0131c\u0131 Otlatma teknikleri uygulayarak\u00a0otla\u011f\u0131n ve ekosistemin d\u00fczelmesini sa\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Pe\u00e7enkoru Nedir? \u0130ngilizce silvopasture kelimesini belki duymu\u015fsunuzdur. Bu sistemde insan eli [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2867,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[212,214],"tags":[226,232,231,230],"class_list":["post-2860","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-permakultur","category-turkce","tag-gida-ormani","tag-koyun","tag-otlak","tag-pecenkoru","post-with-thumbnail","post-with-thumbnail-icon"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/silvo2.jpg?fit=1600%2C1200&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p90nFK-K8","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2860"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2860\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2868,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2860\/revisions\/2868"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.havatopraksu.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}